链式比较操作
old
age = 18
if age > 18 and age < 60:
print("young man")
new
if 18 < age < 60:
print("young man")
if/else 三目运算
old
if gender == 'male':
text = '男'
else:
text = '女'
new
text = '男' if gender == 'male' else '女'
真值判断
old
if attr == True:
do_something()
if len(values) != 0: # 判断列表是否为空
do_something()
new
if attr:
do_something()
if values:
do_something()
for/else语句
old
flagfound = False
for i in mylist:
if i == theflag:
flagfound = True
break
process(i)
if not flagfound:
raise ValueError("List argument missing terminal flag.")
new
for i in mylist:
if i == theflag:
break
process(i)
else:
raise ValueError("List argument missing terminal flag.")
字符串格式化
old
s1 = "foofish.net"
s2 = "vttalk"
s3 = "welcome to %s and following %s" % (s1, s2)
new
s3 = "welcome to {blog} and following {wechat}".format(blog="foofish.net", wechat="vttalk")
列表切片
列表元素的下标不仅可以用正数表示,还是用负数表示,最后一个元素的位置是 -1,从右往左,依次递减。 old
items = range(10)
# 奇数
odd_items = []
for i in items:
if i % 2 != 0:
odd_items.append(i)
# 拷贝
copy_items = []
for i in items:
copy_items.append(i)
new
# 第1到第4个元素的范围区间
sub_items = items[1:4]
# 奇数
odd_items = items[1::2]
#拷贝
copy_items = items[::] 或者 items[:]
善用生成器
生成器的好处就是无需一次性把所有元素加载到内存,只有迭代获取元素时才返回该元素,而列表是预先一次性把全部元素加载到了内存。 old
def fib(n):
a, b = 0, 1
result = []
while b < n:
result.append(b)
a, b = b, a+b
return result
new
def fib(n):
a, b = 0, 1
while a < n:
yield a
a, b = b, a + b
获取字典元素
old
d = {'name': 'foo'}
if d.has_key('name'):
print(d['name'])
else:
print('unknown')
new
d.get("name", "unknown")
预设字典默认值
old
data = [('foo', 10), ('bar', 20), ('foo', 39), ('bar', 49)]
groups = {}
for (key, value) in data:
if key in groups:
groups[key].append(value)
else:
groups[key] = [value]
new
# 第一种方式
groups = {}
for (key, value) in data:
groups.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
# 第二种方式
from collections import defaultdict
groups = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
groups[key].append(value)
字典推导式
old
numbers = [1,2,3]
my_dict = dict([(number,number*2) for number in numbers])
print(my_dict) # {1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6}
new
numbers = [1, 2, 3]
my_dict = {number: number * 2 for number in numbers}
print(my_dict) # {1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6}
# 还可以指定过滤条件
my_dict = {number: number * 2 for number in numbers if number > 1}
print(my_dict) # {2: 4, 3: 6}
遍历字典的 key 和 value
old
# 方法一:速度没那么快,因为每次迭代的时候还要重新进行hash查找 key 对应的 value
for k in d:
print (k, '--->', d[k])
# 方法二:遇到字典非常大的时候,会导致内存的消耗增加一倍以上
for k, v in d.items():
print (k, '--->', v)
new
# python3只有 items 方法,等值于 iteritems
for k, v in d.iteritems():
print (k, '--->', v)
序列解包
old
p = 'vttalk', 'female', 30, 'python@qq.com'
name = p[0]
gender = p[1]
age = p[2]
email = p[3]
new
name, gender, age, email = p
合理使用列表
列表对象(list)是一个查询效率高于更新操作的数据结构,比如删除一个元素和插入一个元素时执行效率就非常低,因为还要对剩下的元素进行移动 old
names = ['raymond', 'rachel', 'matthew', 'roger',
'betty', 'melissa', 'judith', 'charlie']
names.pop(0)
names.insert(0, 'mark')
new
# deque 是一个双向队列的数据结构,删除元素和插入元素会很快
from collections import deque
names = deque(['raymond', 'rachel', 'matthew', 'roger',
'betty', 'melissa', 'judith', 'charlie'])
names.popleft()
names.appendleft('mark')
列表推导式
生成器表达式、字典推导式 old
result = []
for i in range(10):
s = i*2
result.append(s)
new
[i*2 for i in xrange(10)]
打开/关闭文件
old
f = open('data.txt')
try:
data = f.read()
finally:
f.close()
new
with open('data.txt') as f:
data = f.read()
带有索引位置的集合遍历
old
colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow']
for i in range(len(colors)):
print (i, '--->', colors[i])
new
for i, color in enumerate(colors):
print (i, '--->', color)
循环遍历区间元素
xrange 返回的是生成器对象,生成器比列表更加节省内存,不过需要注意的是 xrange 是 python2 中的写法,python3 只有 range 方法,特点和 xrange 是一样的。 old
for i in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
(print i)
# 或者
for i in range(6):
(print i)
new
for i in xrange(6):
(print i)
变量交换
old
a = 1
b = 2
tmp = a
a = b
b = tmp
new
a, b = b, a
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